Congolese Journal of Science and Technology
The aim of the Revue Congolaise des Sciences et Technologies is to bring together, for the scientific world, the results of research carried out by various institutions of higher education, universities and public and private research centers throughout the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as throughout the world. It is therefore a platform for scientific exchange for researchers from all over the world. It is multidisciplinary in nature, and calls on all researchers to contribute to the sustainable development of humanity in general, and the Democratic Republic of Congo in particular. For future generations, this Journal will serve as a reference for the progress and advancement of science. Through this Journal, the Ministry of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo aims to give visibility to research activities and boost the efforts of researchers in the search for ways and means of development and modernity.
Pr. Jean-Paul NGBOLUA KOTO-TE-NYIWA, PhD
Statistical analysis test of voltage variations on power Transformers in the city of Boma
This study examines voltage variations in customer feeders and their impact on the performance of electrical transformers in the city of Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo. The research was motivated by a lack of in-depth analysis on the effects of voltage fluctuations on transformer reliability. To do this, an analysis of variance was performed using six transformers and voltage measurements taken on twenty-nine lines. The results showed a significant diversity of voltage levels, ranging from 127 to 195 volts, and confirmed that voltage variations affect transformer performance. It is recommended to install real-time monitoring systems and adapt transformer designs to local specificities. This study highlights the importance of rigorous voltage management to prevent outages and improve the reliability of the electrical network.
Copyright (c) 2026 André et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of anthropogenic practices and access regulation to Mangroves of Moanda in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Perceptions and Conservation Challenges
Marine protected areas, such as mangroves, play crucial environmental, economic, and social roles at both global and local levels. However, despite their recognition as World Heritage sites by international organizations, they face significant anthropogenic threats. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the communities living near the Mangrove Marine Park of Moanda (PMMM) represent both a threat and an opportunity for the conservation of this Atlantic coastal ecosystem. This study aims to identify and characterize the types of threats affecting the PMMM in Kongo-Central Province. To better understand the study area and target the relevant stakeholders, surveys and interviews were conducted with 193 households selected through quota sampling, as well as with representatives from the Congolese Center for Nature Protection (CCPN) and the ULB-Cooperation project. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate approaches, were used to assess the pressures on the PMMM’s resources. The findings indicate that non-compliance with regulations and the overexploitation of marine and coastal resources are major drivers of mangrove degradation. Paradoxically, while protection is necessary, it also limits local access to mangrove resources, sometimes leading to destructive practices. Nevertheless, the PMMM remains an ecologically unique site requiring serious protection efforts. The study calls for the integration of environmental justice principles to support holistic analyses of mangrove ecosystems and to prevent unregulated exploitation by local populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fidélise et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Water plot efficiency at the irrigation system on the MASINA RAIL 1 agricultural site in the lowland of the NDJILI Basin, DRC
Optimizing agricultural productivity depends on sustainable water management, which is essential for minimizing losses in irrigated perimeters. This study assesses the efficiency of water use at plot level in the Masina Rail 1 irrigated perimeter, located in the N'djili basin in Kinshasa. It aims to inventory irrigation techniques, quantify the water supplied to crops and estimate irrigation efficiency. Direct observations and surveys were used to identify the irrigation systems in use. The results show that over 70% of farmers (142 out of 190) use manual watering. Water requirements for vegetable crops amounted to 14,575.76 m³ for 19 ha, with okra dominating on 13.7 ha. Soil texture is 31.4% sand, 18.1% silt and 50.6% clay. The amount of water applied is 31,380 m³, and tomatoes require a high irrigation rate of 158 mm per decade. Irrigation efficiency varies between 42% and 66%, with an average of 46%, indicating a low overall system efficiency. The study therefore recommends improving irrigation efficiency by adopting more modern methods, such as precision irrigation, to optimize the use of water resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antoine et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physico-chemical characterization of peatland waters of the Era Congo concession in the territory of Inongo (Mai-ndombe province) in the Democratic Republic of Congo
The chemistry of a peatland is largely determined by that of its water, which accounts for the majority of it.. This study aims to assess water chemistry in the peatlands of the Era Congo concession by analyzing variations in physico-chemical parameters. Sampling was carried in the peatlands of the Era Congo concession, measuring indicators such as pH, conductivity, turbidity and temperature. The results show that the water is acidic, with an average pH of 4.3 ± 0.6, a low conductivity of 11.7 ± 1.1 μS/cm, an average temperature of 26.5 ± 0.5°C and a turbidity of 2.9 ± 0.3 NTU. Blackish coloration was observed, averaging 459 ± 29.5 Pt-Co. Significant correlations were identified between conductivity and dissolved solids, as well as between coloration and turbidity. These results provide an essential database for understanding peatland environmental conditions and their impact on the local ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Glodi et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Seasonality and biodiversity of fruits marketed in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
The study on the seasonality of fruits sold in Kinshasa markets aimed primarily to determine the successive presence and availability of fruits on stalls in four Kinshasa markets. Surveys and direct observations were conducted over twelve months in 2016 in the following four markets: UPN, Matadi-Kibala, Central,and Liberté, with 200 fruit vendors of both sexes, divided into 50 vendors per market. These observations allowed, firstly, the identification of 33 botanical families, dominated by the Rutaceae (4 species) and the Anacardiaceae (3 species), and secondly, the presentation of fruit sales during the aforementioned year. Thus, the availability and diversity of fruits in the markets were reflected in the omnipresence of 11 fruit species across three markets (UPN, Central,and Liberté) throughout the year, namely: Ananas comosus, Carica papaya,Citrus lemon, Citrus sinensis, Cocus nucifera, Citrus lanatus, Elais guineesis, Malus communis, Musa sapietum, and Persea Americana. However, 22 other fruit species were seasonal, due to their production calendars and ecological origins. In general, the study shows that fruits are abundant and diverse during the rainy season, from October to April, and less numerous and less diverse during the dry season, from May to September. This sufficiently demonstrates that rainfall is a very important factor in plant phenology, as is temperature, with climate balance and can provide information on climate disruption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mukendi et a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Pharmacological Intelligence Funnel Theory as a New Integrative Paradigm for Translating Traditional Knowledge into Standardized Phytomedicines
Traditional medical knowledge, particularly in biodiversity-rich regions such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, represents the cumulative outcome of several centuries of empirical experimentation. Despite its high informational value, this knowledge remains largely excluded from modern healthcare systems due to the lack of scientific rigor, mechanistic validation, and standardization. This article proposes an original conceptual framework, termed the Pharmacological Intelligence Funnel (PIF), which explains how traditional knowledge can be systematically transformed into standardized phytomedicines. This framework integrates, within a sequential filtration process, ethnobotanical documentation, in silico molecular modeling, and experimental biological validation, progressively reducing uncertainty while increasing scientific robustness. By positioning traditional knowledge as an intelligent entry point rather than an obstacle, this model offers a pathway toward local pharmaceutical innovation, addressing public health needs, and strengthening health sovereignty in low- and middle-income countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Colette et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Management and recovery of effluent from the drinking water production industry into agricultural fertilizer: case of REGIDESO -Ndjili in Kinshasa
The valorization of effluents from the drinking water production industry of N'djili into agricultural fertilizer was carried out, the potential fertilizing power of these effluents was evaluated on the cultivation of amarantus hybridus.L; with the objectives of contributing to its management and valorization. To achieve these objectives, recycling of effluents was carried out by flocculation based on prickly pear cladode, followed by soil fertilization tests with the fertilizer produced from sewage sludge, and cultural tests were carried out following a completely randomized Latin square design. Physico-chemical analyzes and major fertilizing elements were carried out at the Regideso central laboratory, and the cultural trials at the experimental Biology garden of the University of Kinshasa. The results of these studies show us that the fertilizer produced from settling sludge (Treatment T3) and the Treatment having benefited from the addition of chemical fertilizer (Treatment T2) gave similar results when added to witnesses, having benefited from the provision of tap water from Regideso,2(Treatment To). The veracity of the result was approved by the statistical test of analysis of variance at the 5% threshold. Based on these results, the fertilizer produced from the treatment of sedimentation sludge can be used as an agricultural amendment in market gardening. Hence the effluent produced at the N’djili industrial complex can be used as agricultural fertilizer.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kianawa et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
evaluation of the effectiveness of prickly pear (opuntia ficus-indica) leaves for treatment of effluents from a drinking water production plant: the case of REGIDESO-Ndjili
The treatment of effluents from the N'djili drinking water production industry was carried out, the option was taken up to recycle these effluents in order to recirculate at the factory, with the aim of contributing to the management of effluents and the objectives of nations for 2030, on wastewater management. To achieve these objectives, the effluents were treated by flocculation using prickly pear cladode. The physico-chemical analyzes were carried out at the Regideso central laboratory. The results of these studies show us that the prickly pear cladode exerts apurifying action on the effluents, this results in the improvement of the physico-chemical parameters, in particular: Color: from 436 ptco to 11 ptco; Turbidity: from 268 NTU to 4.7 NTU; Conductivity; from 1864.6 μs/cm to 1284 μs/cm and the permanganate index: from 34.7 mgO2/l to 2.0 mgO2/l, and the parameters indicating pollution and undesirable substances : COD : 87.5 mg/ l at 15.13 mg/l; BOD5: 8.3 mg/l to 2.3 mg/l, Sulfates: 45 mg/l to 7.0 mg/l. Based on these results, we conclude that the effluent produced at the N'djili factory can be recycled by the prickly pear cladodes and be recirculated on the drinking water production chain.
Evaluation of public awareness of sickle cell disease within the framework of the national program for thefight against sickle cell disease (PNLCD) in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Sickle cell disease remains a hereditary condition with a significant impact on health in the Democratic Republic of Congo, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, particularly among children. Despite the implementation of the PNLCD, the disease continues to pose significant challenges in terms of prevention and management. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of awareness campaigns conducted by the National Sickle Cell Disease Control Program by analyzing their influence on knowledge, preventive behaviors, and use of screening services. It is based on a secondary analysis of data from the Centre de Médecine Mixte d'Anémie SS in Kinshasa. The data were processed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses performed with specialized software, including Stata, R-Studio, and ArcGIS 10.2. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics, level of knowledge about sickle cell disease, and prevention practices were examined. The results reveal insufficient knowledge about the disease and low uptake of voluntary testing, particularly during the premarital period. This situation reflects the limited effectiveness of current communication strategies. The study highlights the absence of a structured national awareness and communication policy and recommends strengthening communication efforts, early screening, community education, and the integration of sickle cell disease among health policy priorities in the DRC in order to significantly reduce the prevalence of sickle cell disease in the DRC.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mbenga et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Statistical analysis test of voltage variations on power Transformers in the city of Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Copyright (c) 2025 Mampuya et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The évolution of perinatal Mortality in the Tshopo province since the launch of the objectives of the sustainable development
The third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to reduce mortality and morbidity rates across all age groups, with particular attention to mothers and children. This study was initiated to describe the evolution of perinatal mortality (PM) reported in the Tshopo province of the Democratic Republic of Congo, from the launch of these SDGs in 2015 until six years before the deadline. A retrospective study was conducted in the Tshopo province over a period from 2015 to 2024, covering the last decade, using data provided by the Provincial Health Division (DPS) of Tshopo. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and jamovi version 2.6.13. Linear regression and Spearman correlation were used to describe the evolving trends of births and perinatal mortality in Tshopo. There has been an increase in births over time, rising from 90,419 in 2015 to 137,668 in 2024 (y = 4806.4x + 87125 and R² = 0.8081). This number may exceed 160,000 by 2030. Regarding perinatal mortality, the province has recorded a decrease of approximately 0.5132‰ each year since the launch of the SDGs. This decrease is explained over time at a rate of 35.6% (y = -0.5132x + 14.339; R² = 0.3562). This mortality is high in rural health zones and low in urban areas. It remained constant from 2017 to 2022 in peri-urban areas. A positive correlation was also observed between the number of births (p < 0.01) and the years, and a negative correlation between the PM rate and the passage of time (p < 0.05). The number of births continues to grow in the Tshopo province. Over time, the strategies of SDG 3-2 have significantly contributed to the improvement of quality of life in perinatal health according to the data reported by the DPS Tshopo during the last decade and analyzed in this study. The course should be maintained to hope for a continued decrease in PM in Tshopo. Health services should also consider increasing their offerings by at least 13% to maintain this course by 2030.
Copyright (c) 2025 Momela et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Quantifying the risk of rain erosion using remote sensing and GIS/USLE in the Lukaya Catchment (D.R. Congo)
Rainfall-induced erosion is currently a major challenge in several large cities of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It represents a multidimensional natural hazard and a serious environmental threat to ecosystems, with negative socio-economic consequences. This research aims to: (1) quantify the erosion rate in the Lukaya River watershed using the USLE equation, and (2) assess the impact and contribution of individual factors in soil degradation and loss processes. The results obtained from applying the USLE model after spatialization and integration of its variables estimate potential soil losses ranging from 0.24 t/ha/year (minimum) to 50.39 t/ha/year (maximum), with a standard deviation of 19.12 t/ha/year and an average of 14.85 t/ha/year. These losses are more pronounced in hilly areas (slope >20%) and in populated zones of the Lukaya watershed. The key factors accelerating rainfall erosion are slope, rainfall erosivity, vegetation cover, and unsustainable land-use practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamosi et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimization of energy forecasts in Boma: study of PSO and Leap-Nemo algorithms (2023-2053) [Optimisation des prévisions énergétiques à Boma: étude des algorithmes
Optimizing energy demand is crucial to ensuring sustainable development in developing countries, where imbalances between production and consumption are common. In the context of the commune of Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo, this study examines the challenges associated with energy consumption forecasting in the face of recurring power outages. The main objective is to develop an energy demand forecasting model using the PSO and LEAP-Nemo algorithms to optimize energy production from 2023 to 2053. The methodology includes the collection of qualitative and quantitative data on the infrastructure of the National Electricity Company (SNEL) and consumers, as well as a statistical analysis of the results using correlation and t-tests. The results show that the PSO model tends to overestimate energy demand, with a significant average error, while the BALU scenario offers more realistic and consistent forecasts. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of adjusting forecasting models to improve their accuracy and recommends the integration of new variables to better capture the dynamics of energy demand in Boma.
Assessment of the Impact of Inventory Management Systems on the Availability of Essential Medicines in Hospital Settings: Case of the Ndjili General Referral Hospital
The availability of essential medicines is a cornerstone of effective hospital care. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, many health facilities face frequent stockouts due to inadequate stock management. This study aimed to assess the impact of stock management systems on the availability of essential medicines at N’djili General Referral Hospital (HGR). A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2025. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, direct observation, and analysis of pharmaceutical management documents. The sample included pharmacy staff, logistics officers, and administrative managers. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26). The average availability rate of essential medicines at HGR N’djili was 62%, below recommended standards. Stockouts primarily affected antibiotics and antimalarials. Major shortcomings were identified, including the absence of computerized tools, insufficient staff training, and poor planning. A strong correlation was found between effective stock management practices and medicine availability (r = 0.81; p < 0.01). Weaknesses in the stock management system negatively affect the regular supply of essential medicines. The study recommends implementing a computerized inventory management system, continuous training for staff, and improved logistical coordination to enhance medicine availability and service delivery quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katubile et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of maternal Iron deficiency anemia on survival of small newborns: A prospective cohort in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
Preventing preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), and low birth weight (LBW) is critical to the health of children worldwide. Preterm birth, SGA, and LBW are referred to as vulnerable small newborns or VSN. The aim of this study was to determine the survival of VSN born to mothers with iron deficiency anemia or IDA and its predictors. A prospective, matched, open-label, multicenter cohort study of 1,226 newborns of mothers with IDA. We performed statistical analysis, including competing risk analysis and Cox regression modeling, to illustrate the clinical effects of IDA on newborns and risk factors. The risk of clinical effects and the incidence rate of the PT+SGA+LBW phenotype increased by more than 2.21 times (2.20-2.21) and 3.86 times (3.82-3.90), respectively. The risk of the T+SGA+LBW phenotype increased by 1.28 times (1.28-1.29) or 28% for moderate IDA, by 2.48 times (2.47-2.49) for severe IDA. This risk increased by 5.64 times (5.63-5.66) for maternal low birth weight at the end of pregnancy. The risk associated with the PT+AGA+LBW phenotype increased by 1.78 (1.75-1.81) or 78% and by 5.53 (5.47-5.59) times in live births from mothers with low early gestational weight and from mothers without iron supplementation. Maternal iron deficiency anemia has a serious impact on newborn health. Threatened by a higher incidence of mortality and various short- and long-term morbidities, VSNs born to IDA mothers should receive appropriate care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soda et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrated Conceptual Model for the Sustainable Management of Ichthyological Diversity in the Pool Malebo, Democratic Republic of the Congo
A study was carried out on the Development of a conceptual model for the sustainable of the fish diversity of the Malebo Pool in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Surveys and focus group interviews were carried out in Kinkole and Kingabwa with 220 fishermen equally distributed on each fishing ground. The Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats and Opportunities of fishing in the Malebo Pool were presented. The Modèle de Gestion Durable des Ressources Ichtyologiques du Pool Malebo proposes a collaborative approach between the Congolese state, fisheries stakeholders and local stakeholders for a more sustainable management of fish resources. The implications of this model are far-reaching, notably in terms of aquatic biodiversity preservation, food security, socio-economic development and aquatic ecosystem conservation. Scaling it up would require effective coordination between the various stakeholders, adequate resources for training and awareness-raising, and ongoing financial and political support from government authorities. In addition, ongoing evaluation of its impact and adaptation to local realities would be essential to ensure its long-term effectiveness
Copyright (c) 2026 Lukuke et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Factors Influencing Healthcare Staff Motivation in Health Facilities in the City of Kolwezi: A Comparative Study of Three Health Facilities in the Kolwezi Health Zone
Since the 1930s, with the pioneering work of Tolman and Lewin, motivation has been studied as a key factor in improving workplace productivity. This review aims to analyze the factors influencing the motivation of healthcare workers in the city of Kolwezi, and their impact on the quality of care. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, CARN, and Google Scholar, selecting 15 relevant studies published between 2010 and 2023. A mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative) was used to analyze the data with appropriate statistical software. Findings reveal significant demotivation among healthcare workers: 8 out of 10 interviewed professionals expressed dissatisfaction due to workload pressure, lack of resources, and minimal involvement in decision-making. For these workers, motivation is deeply linked to the sacred, moral, and religious meaning of their work. One professional stated: “Motivation is about taking your work to heart.” While professional training is considered essential, it is deemed ineffective in the absence of decent wages and adequate working conditions. The study concludes that remuneration and working conditions are transversal factors: their insufficiency leads to widespread demotivation, whereas their improvement could significantly enhance professional commitment among healthcare personnel in Kolwezi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kalau et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perception of adolescent girls on respecting the inter-birth interval in the urban-rural health zone of Bandundu
The birth interval is an important indicator for the analysis of fertility and the use of family planning in terms of reproductive health. Thus, the short inter-birth interval of less than 24 months increases the risk of morbidity including maternal and infant mortality which constitute a public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly in the urban-rural health zone of Bandundu where we have observed pregnancies that are too close together, unwanted and at high risk among adolescents. The general objective of the study is to understand the perception of adolescents on respect for the inter-birth interval in the urban-rural health zone of Bandundu. We used a phenomenology approach, carried out through the survey method, supported by the interview technique through an interview guide and dictaphone used as data collection instruments. The results showed that adolescent girls in the urban-rural health zone of Bandundu do not respect the inter-birth interval, which favors several obstetric complications, the most feared of which is neonatal death. With a view to improving the maternal health of adolescents by respecting the inter-birth interval in the urban-rural health zone of Bandundu, it is appropriate to use contraceptive methods to avoid unwanted pregnancies, popularization of modern contraceptive methods, the fight against local culture including the establishment and application of laws to legislate the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lamika et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The protection of the lessor against the insolvency of the tenant under Law No. 15/025 of December 31, 2015 relating to non-professional rental leases: Analysis and perspectives
The law on non-professional leases had the merit of solving the difficulties that the tenant was facing front of his landlord for several decades. However, it has been revealed in practice since its entry into force that certain tenants organize insolvency by making it impossible for their lessors to enjoy the fruits of their buildings and this, during the period of the disputes. It is then observed that the rental guarantees paid by the tenants run out during the proceedings but the latter continue to occupy the building without paying the rents to the detriment of the lessors. Several questions arise, in particular what should the lessor do in such circumstances in order to protect his rights against his tenant who has become insolvent, manage to get him to leave his building in strict compliance with his rights and without incurring too much expense, and the security mechanism to be considered to overcome the insolvency of tenants front of their landlords. The revision of certain provisions of this law is beneficia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ndomba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparative analysis between the use of lattice towers and polygonal monopoles in SNEL SA's power grid network
The comparative study on the use of lattice towers versus pylygonal monopods in SNEL SA's high-voltage transmission grid network is of paramount importance in determining the conditions for safety, reliability, operation and maintenance. The main aim is to overcome the growing phenomenon of vandalism, such as the theft of galvanized angle irons, bolts, copper conductors and earth counterweight wires from electrical infrastructures, leading to the collapse of lattice towers and the unavailability of SNEL SA's power transmission lines. The use of conical monopods offers the following advantages: Aesthetics, can be installed in urban areas, small footprint, rapid installation, dismantling and reuse possible, one-day installation, reduced number of parts for assembly, low maintenance costs spread over several years, resistance to vandalism, no natural aggression and environmental impact. The complete cost of building one kilometer of line is 1.25 k€/km with a conical monopole, compared with 1 k€/km for a lattice tower, resulting in an installation cost variation of 20%.
security and performance of electrical infrastructures
Copyright (c) 2025 Mwanda & Mampuya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Literature Review on Non-Human Primates and Their Pharmacopoeia as a New Source of Medicines in Tropical Regions
Great apes (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon) are very closely related to humans from anatomical, physiological, and genetic perspectives, which justifies their use as preferred biological models in biomedical and pharmacobiological research. The study of animal self-medication (zoopharmacognosy) shows that these primates deliberately select and ingest plants to combat infections or alleviate pain. Such behaviors influence human ethnopharmacology and contribute to the discovery of bioactive molecules for traditional medicine in Africa. This review focuses on the anatomy, physiology, behavior, and systematics of non-human primates, as well as on the implications of their self-medicative behaviors for human health. In the present study, a clear biological kinship between these nonhuman primates and humans is established through genetic and morphological data, as well as through the technical and social behaviors of these primates, which testify to their cognitive capacities. This literature review therefore highlights the therapeutic potential of plants identified through in situ observation of these animals and opens the way for the use of zoopharmacognosy as a strategy for selecting plants to treat human diseases such as sickle cell disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ekutsu et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimized biodiesel production from Carapa procera and Hura crepitans seed oils using acid and basic catalysts derived from seed hulls
The increasing demand for stocks. Trenewable energy sources has spurred interest in biodiesel production from non-conventional feedhis study investigated the production of biodiesel from oils extracted from Carapa procera and Hura crepitans seeds, utilizing acid and basic catalysts derived from their hulls. Oils from Carapa procera (HCP) and Hura crepitans (HHC) were transesterified with ethanol, employing an acidic catalyst for HCP and a basic catalyst for HHC, both synthesized from the respective seed hulls. The basic catalyst derived from Hura crepitans hulls demonstrated effective transesterification and maintained catalytic activity over multiple uses. High yields of ethyl esters were obtained for both Carapa procera (EEHCP) and Hura crepitans (EEHHC) oils. A B10 blend of EEHHC and fossil diesel met various ASTM D6751 specifications, including pour point, appearance, flash point, color, sulfur content, and density. The B10 blend also adhered to ASTM standards for viscosity, distillation, cetane number, copper corrosion, and carbon residue. However, B100 biodiesel from Carapa procera exhibited viscosity and acid number values slightly outside the standard limits, as did the viscosity of EEHHC, requiring further treatment, such as extended reaction time or blending with petrodiesel for viscosity adjustment. Based on these findings, Hura crepitans biodiesel can be blended with commercial diesel up to 10% by volume, meeting ASTM standards and making it suitable for use in diesel engines. Additional optimization is recommended for B100 from Carapa procera to ensure full compliance with biodiesel specifications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kazadi et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Public health expenditures, equitable access to care and economic growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: an econometric estimation of the optimal threshold
This article investigates the complex linkages between public health expenditure, equitable access to care, and economic growth in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) over the 2000–2022 period. Its core objective is to estimate the optimal threshold of public health spending per capita that simultaneously maximizes access to healthcare and economic performance, using a simultaneous equation model derived from the Armey curve framework. The study uses interpolated national data and applies the Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS) method to address autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. Findings highlight a non-linear relationship between public health spending and both healthcare access and per capita GDP, with an optimal threshold estimated between USD 3.12 and USD 3.14. These results underline the strategic fiscal trade-offs facing Congolese public authorities and support targeted pathways towards sustainable universal health coverage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lubongo & Ntungila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparative study of gender-based violence in two urban districts of Antananarico (3rd and 5th), Madagascar
This study examines gender-based violence (GBV) in the 3rd and 5th districts of Antananarivo, Madagascar, in relation to living standards and income. A quantitative survey was conducted in 2024 with 500 participants using a structured questionnaire. Results show a majority of female participants (93.94% in District 3, 89.27% in District 5) and significant economic vulnerability, with over 60% living below the poverty line and 65–70% earning less than 9,000 Ariary per month. Mixed forms of violence were the most reported (50.77% in District 3, 37.28% in District 5), followed by psychological and physical violence. Identified causes include unemployment, low education, drug use, social, and young age. Significant correlations (p<0.05) indicate that socioeconomic vulnerability increases exposure to GBV. Main consequences included isolation, injuries, and sleep disturbances. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated prevention strategies and socioeconomic and psychosocial support to protect women and youth in urban Madagascar.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raharijaona et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of the Investment Rate on Politico-development economics of the DR Congo from 2018 to 2023
The DRC is a country potentially rich in all kinds of minerals which struggles to develop when there are countries next to us like the Rwanda and Angola which are developing more and more. This aspect of things made us ask questions about the reason for the economy stagnant situation in which the DRC is languishing, so the investment rate touched to make us realize and push us to set our sights on this subject: “The impact of the investment rate on political development economy of the DRC, analysis and outlook from 2018 to 2023”.Therefore, we will use two methods, namely: The method history and the dialectical method. And using the technique documentary and observation. Finally, we have divided into two chapters which are the literature on the evolution of the investment rate in the DRC, and the DRC in the crucible of its development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nzembele et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of the Healthcare Institution Administrator-Manager on Quality of Care and Patient Satisfaction: A Case Study of Saint Luc Hospital in Kisantu
This study was carried out to analyze the socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors influencing household dietary practices in the Sia Health Zone. Analysis of household dietary practices in this health zone, located in the Kwilu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo, revealed an alarming prevalence of child malnutrition, reaching 49.9%. This situation is exacerbated by socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors. Poverty was identified as a major cause, with limited access to nutritious food and health services, having an odds ratio (OR) of 2.36 (CI: 1.42-3.91, p < 0.000). Young mothers, often with less education, were at increased risk of malnutrition, with an OR of 4.52 (CI: 1.77-11.54). Families with unstable incomes and those relying mainly on agriculture faced significant challenges, with a chi-square of 30.409 for occupation. In addition, cultural beliefs influence dietary practices, often to the detriment of nutritional diversity, illustrated by an OR of 2.34 (CI: 1.55-3.53). The results underline the importance of improving nutrition education, increasing access to drinking water and strengthening health services to combat malnutrition. Practical recommendations include education programs targeting women and initiatives to diversify food sources to improve nutritional security in this rural region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bundama et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Malaria prevalence and risk factors in the commune of Wembo-Nyama in Lumumbaville, DR Congo, from 2023 to 2024
Malaria remains a global public health problem, and its prevalence remains very high in the DRC and in the commune of Wembo-Nyama in Lumumbaville due to several risk factors. With a view to improving patient health, this study aims to determine the prevalence of malaria and list its risk factors in this geographic area. This is a cross-sectional, correlational study in the public health field, conducted among 378 residents selected at random. Following the analyses, the results show that the prevalence of malaria in the commune of Wembo-Nyama in Lumumbaville from 2023 to 2024 is 98.1%, or 371 out of 378 patients. Its risk factors are: wearing black clothing at night (Chi-square = 5.178; p = 0.023); not using sheets while sleeping (Chi-square = 6.292; p = 0.031), wearing short-sleeved clothes at night (Chi-square = 8.349; p = 0.021) including not sleeping under a mosquito net (Chi-square = 8.025; p = 0.019). To improve the health of the population in this geographic area, it is important to increase awareness of behaviors to adopt in addition to prevention against this endemic disease, including sleeping under mosquito nets, reducing the wearing of black clothing and short sleeves at night, and avoiding contact with mosquitoes at night.
Copyright (c) 2025 Onahyuka et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Socio-cultural expectations and needs of adolescent obstetric fistula victims before and after surgical repair in Sankuru, DR Congo
Obstetric fistula is a serious accident that often affects women living in rural areas not fully covered by adequate health care structures. This study aims to explore and analyze the expectations and socio-cultural needs of adolescent victims of obstetric fistula, both before and after surgical repair, in the province of Sankuru. Conducted over a six-month period, from January to June 2024, the survey was carried out in three health facilities in Sankuru: Lodja, Kole and Katako-Kombe hospitals. Thematic analysis was carried out progressively, as data were collected, using manual categorization based on the study variables. Fifteen adolescent girls aged 15 to 18 with obstetric vesico-vaginal fistulas participated in the study. Seven were married, six were separated and two were single. Twelve were or had been in polygamous marriages, while two were in monogamous marriages. Nine were multiparous and six primigravida. All came from rural backgrounds, with no source of income or educational attainment, and all had dropped out of school. Surgical repair of the fistula is a crucial but insufficient step. Beyond physical healing, adolescent girls express profound expectations of social reintegration, often hampered by feelings of exclusion and rejection. Comprehensive care, including psycho-social support and community accompaniment, is therefore essential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omba et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Pedagogical Supervision Practices During Clinical Placements: Diagnosis of Current Methods and Identification of Areas for Improvement at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Kikwit
Clinical training is a fundamental pillar in the development of professional competencies among students in health sciences. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where the healthcare system faces a shortage of qualified personnel and inconsistent quality of care, improving clinical supervision has become a strategic priority. This dissertation aims to evaluate pedagogical supervision practices during clinical placements at the Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales (ISTM) of Kikwit, in order to identify existing shortcomings and propose avenues for improvement to enhance the acquisition of professional skills. A quantitative, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted with a sample of 120 students and 25 supervisors selected from various clinical placement sites. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and observation checklists. The variables examined included supervisor availability, the quality of explanations provided, the teaching methods used, and the evaluation practices during placements. Findings show that only 33.3% of students received regular follow-up from their supervisors. Furthermore, 37.5% reported limited access to their supervisors, and 20.8% considered the explanations received to be insufficient. Despite these challenges, 91.7% of students acknowledged that clinical placements strengthened their self-confidence and contributed to their professional development. The study highlights significant gaps in clinical supervision that may hinder the effectiveness of training. It recommends the implementation of continuous training programs for supervisors, increased on-site presence, and the standardization of pedagogical practices to sustainably improve the quality of clinical education in the DRC
Copyright (c) 2025 Masewula et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perinatal mortality in the Ngaba Health Zone, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: Prevalence and risk factors
Perinatal mortality remains a public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo in general, and in the Ngaba health zone in particular. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate and risk factors for perinatal mortality in the Ngaba health zone. It is a retrospective quantitative study covering the period from January 2019 to December 2023. A structured survey form was used to review the records of parturients who had suffered a perinatal death. Out of 8921 recorded deliveries, we identified 223 cases of perinatal death. The prevalence rate was 24.9%. The study revealed no relationship between birth characteristics and the risk of perinatal death (p> 0.05). The risk factors significantly identified were pre-eclampsia (p=0.000), OR=12.47(6.31- 24.63), age of the child (p=0.000), OR=7.14 (4.39 - 11.61), miscarriage (p=0.000), OR=5.33 (2.27-12.51), time of delivery (p=0.054), OR= 4.03 (0.88-18.47), antepartum haemorrhage (p=0.000), OR=3.16, (1.63-6.10), infection (p=0.000), OR=0.29 (0.16 - 0.52) and child weight (p= 0.000), OR= 0.24 (0.12-0.12). In conclusion, the prevalence of perinatal mortality remains relatively low compared with the national average, estimated at 40-50 deaths per 1000 births. Refocusing strategies and interventions on the various risk factor indicators remains an asset for achieving the sustainable development goals by 2030.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiomba et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0