Application de l’analyse en composantes principales pour mieux comprendre les dynamiques écologiques des espèces végétales dans les écosystèmes aquatiques

Pascal Nkoso Bakwita; André Nzita Mampuya; Constatin Ayingweu Lubini; Cush Luwesi Ngonzo

doi:10.59228/rcst.026.v5.i2.275

Application of principal component analysis to better understand the ecological dynamics of plant species in aquatic ecosystems

Authors

Pascal Nkoso Bakwita Regional School of Water (ERE) & Research Center for Water Resources of the Congo Basin (CRREBaC), BP117 University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, DR Congo Author
André Nzita Mampuya Regional School of Water (ERE) & Research Center for Water Resources of the Congo Basin (CRREBaC), BP117 University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, DR Congo Author
Constatin Ayingweu Lubini University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Author
Cush Luwesi Ngonzo Regional School of Water (ERE) & Research Center for Water Resources of the Congo Basin (CRREBaC), BP117 University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, DR Congo Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59228/rcst.026.v5.i2.275

Keywords:

Biodiversity, plant resources, principal component analysis, agronomic performance, sustainable management

Abstract

The analysis of plant resources, particularly forage species, is crucial for the sustainable management of ecosystems, especially in biodiversity-rich areas such as the M'fini River basin in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This work addresses current challenges related to the use and preservation of natural resources. The main problem studied here concerns the interaction between dry matter mass, water content, and species diversity in aquatic environments, an area still relatively unexplored in the scientific literature. The fundamental objective of this research is to evaluate the agronomic performance of different species, taking these variables into account while identifying the relationships between them. To this end, a rigorous methodology was adopted, involving systematic sampling techniques along the M'fini River and physicochemical analyses of the water. Data were collected using modern tools, and the analysis was performed using Python Anaconda software, employing robust statistical methods such as principal component analysis, as well as Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests to determine the variables influencing ecological dynamics. The results reveal that species with significant forage mass, such as Alchornea cordifolia and Ludwigia hyssopifolia, stand out for their high capacity to produce biomass. These species also exhibit high water content, suggesting they are able to maintain favorable moisture conditions, essential for their growth. The analyses show that species with high dry matter mass, such as Vossia cuspidata and Cyperus papyrus, are particularly well-adapted to aquatic environments, playing a crucial role in water retention. This research also highlights the need for integrated approaches to better understand ecological dynamics and suggests optimized agricultural strategies adapted to regional specificities.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahouangan, B., Houinato, M., Ahamide, B., Agbossou, E., & Sinsin, B. (2010). Comparative study of regrowth productivity and carrying capacity of hemicryptophytes exposed to vegetation fires in irrigated and non-irrigated plots in the W-Benin Transboundary Biosphere Reserve. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(2), 479–490.

Bélair, G. D. (2005). Dynamics of vegetation in temporary ponds in North Africa (Eastern Numidia, NE Algeria). Ecologia mediterranea, 31(1), 83-100.

Cobelli, O., Faye, N. F., Beaurepaire, S., Raimond, C., & Labeyrie, V. (2023). Management modes of cultivated diversity by farmers in the groundnut basin of Senegal: coexistence as a new normal? Law and Cultures: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, (84). https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.8432

Coulibaly, Z., Barro, A., Tignegre, J. B., Kiebre, Z., Batieno, B. J., Dieni, Z., & Nanama, J. (2020). Evaluation of the agronomic performance of twelve (12) varieties of green cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in Burkina Faso. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 153(1), 15745-15755.

Duru, M., Cruz, P., Jouany, C., & Theau, J. P. (2010). Herb'type©: a new tool for evaluating the production services provided by permanent grasslands. INRAE Productions Animales, 23(4), 319-332.

Gaiffe, M. (2008). Agricultural valorization of a karst area in medium mountains through a "terroir" approach, the AOC-Comté, French Jura. Collection EDYTEM. Cahiers de géographie, 7(1), 93-102.

Guéguen, L. (1959). Study of the mineral composition of some forage species. Influence of the growth stage and the vegetation cycle. In Annales de zootechnie, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 245-268.

Hébert, M., Lemyre-Charest, D., Gagnon, G., Messier, F., & Grosbois, S. D. (2011). Agricultural spreading of municipal biosolids: metal content and PBDE levels in cow's milk. VertigO-la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement, (11-2). 13. DOI: 10.1007/s12517-020-05994-4.

Idrissa, I., Soumana, I., Alhassane, A., Morou, B., & Mahamane, A. (2020). Characterization of forage resources in the pastoral enclave of Dadaria (Mainé-Soroa, Diffa) in Niger. Journal of Tropical Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 73(3), 179–189.

Kumari, V., Arora, R. N., & Singh, J. V. (2003). Variability and path analysis in cowpea. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Arid Legumes for Food Security, Nutrition, and Trade Promotion, May 15-16, 2002 (Eds. Henrya, A. & Kumar, D.). Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, pp. 59-62.

Kutty, C. N., Mili, R., & Jaikumaran, U. (2003). Correlation and path coefficient analysis in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Ind. J. Hortic., 60, 257-261.

Lamprey, H., Herlocker, C., & Field, C. (1980). Forage shrubs in East Africa. In Woody forage in Africa: current state of knowledge. Papers presented at the Workshop on Woody Forage in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp. 33-55.

Magniez, P. (2010). Impact of climatic fluctuations on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) size during the Late Pleistocene. Quaternaire. Journal of the French Association for Quaternary Studies, 21(3), 259-279.

Mampuya Nzita, A., Musanga Matondo, J., Mwanda Mizengi, L., Biabia Mumpele, P., Nzadi Bilonda, J., Dituba Ngoma, G., ... & Tangou Tabou, T. (2025). Identification of Pollution in the Lukaya River and Its Tributaries: An Innovative Approach. Journal of Hydraulic and Water Engineering, 2(2), 37-50.

Mampuya Nzita, A., Umba-di-Mbudi, N. Z., Makanzu Imwangana, F., & Dituba Ngoma, G. (2025). Comparison of the performance of PSO and GA algorithms in predictive modeling of flood-related deaths in Boma. Journal of Hydraulic and Water Engineering, 2(2), 125-144.

Mampuya, A. N., N’zau, C. U. D. M., Makanzu, F. I., & Dituba, G. N. (2026). Modeling of Floods in Boma: Relationships between Water Level of the Congo River, Flow of the Kalamu River and Social Risks. Congolese Journal of Science and Technology, 5(1), 250-258.

Mampuya, A. N., N’zau, C. U. D. M., Ntumba, J. K., & Dituba, G. N. (2026). Use of artificial intelligence for modeling the flows of the Kalamu and Congo rivers in Boma for energy security. Congolese Journal of Science and Technology, 5(1), 181-191.

Ngom, D., Bakhoum, A., Diatta, S., & Akpo, L. E. (2012). Pastoral quality of forage resources in the Ferlo biosphere reserve (Northern Senegal). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(1), 186-201.

Nzita, A. M., Nkanka, B. N., Ngoma, G. D., & Umba-di-Mbudi, C. N. Z. (2025). Optimizing energy forecasts at Boma for 2023 to 2053 Using machine learning techniques of the PSO algorithm. Computational And Experimental Research In Materials And Renewable Energy, 8(1), 104-125.

Nzita, A. M., Nkanka, B. N., Ngoma, G. D., & Umba-di-Mbudi, C. N. Z. (2025). Optimization of energy forecasts in Boma: study of the PSO and Leap-Nemo algorithms (2023-2053). Congolese Journal of Science and Technology, 4(4), 801-809.

Ouattara, B., Sangare, M., & Coulibaly, K. (2016). Options for sustainable intensification of agricultural and forage production in the agropastoral system of cotton-growing areas in Burkina Faso. Natural and Applied Sciences, 2, 133–149.

Ouerghemmi, S., Dallali, S., Marichali, A., Dhaouadi, K., Hammami, M., Medfai, W., ... & Sebei, H. (2016). Qualitative and quantitative variation of the lipid profile of Rosa moschata Herrm leaves cultivated on different soils in Northern Tunisia. Ann l’INRAT, 90, 105-123.

Pandey, Y. R., Pun, A. B., & Mishra, C. R. (2006). Evaluation of vegetable-type cowpea varieties for commercial production in the river basin and low hill areas. Nepal Agric. Res. J., 7, 16-20.

Peksen, A. (2004). Fresh pod yield and certain pod characteristics of cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) from Turkey. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3, 269-273.

Quenum, C. T., Ahissou, H., Gouthon, P., & Laleye, A. (2014). Study of the antihypertensive activity of a plant combination (Schrankia leptocarpa, Garcinia kola, and Ocimum americanum) in Wistar rats. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8(6), 2685-2695.

Ruas, M. P. (2011). A testimony of agro-pastoral practices in the 11th-12th century in Lower Limousin. Burnt grains in a silo at Chadalais (Haute-Vienne, Limousin). Carpologia. Articles gathered in memory of Karen Lundström-Baudais, 20, 137-196.

Sanon, A. (2014). Impacts of vegetated stone bunds on vegetation and physicochemical properties of the soil. Master's thesis in forest ecosystem management and planning. UPB/(IDR), 79p.

Tasset, E., Morvan-Bertrand, A., Amiaud, B., Cliquet, J., Louault, F., Klumpp, K., ... & Lemauviel-Lavenant, S. (2019). The ecosystem services bundles provided by permanent mowing grasslands. Fourrages, 237, 83-94.

Virginie, T. I. A., & Jules, P. R. (2016). Distribution and valorization of invasive macrophytes in the coastal region (Cameroon): case of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 100, 9522-9534.

Pwema, K.V., Mayoni, M.A., Kavumbu, M.S., Munganga, K.C., Bipendu, M.N., Kusonika, N.A. & Lusasi, S.W. (2020.) Evaluation of the cost of production of fish Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 (Siluriformes, Clariidae) with three types of food based on local agricultural by-products in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Agricultural Science, 2(1): 205-216, https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p205.